PS C:\Users\Work> Function Get-CurrentInputLanguage {
>>     $ScriptBlock = {
>>         Add-Type -AssemblyName System.Windows.Forms
>>         [System.Windows.Forms.InputLanguage]::CurrentInputLanguage
>>     }
>>     $Job = Start-Job -ScriptBlock $ScriptBlock
>>     $Null = Wait-Job -Job $Job
>>     $CurrentLanguage = Receive-Job -Job $Job
>>     Remove-Job -Job $Job
>>     Return $CurrentLanguage
>> }
PS C:\Users\Work>

Вывод при английской раскладке:

PS C:\Users\Work> (Get-CurrentInputLanguage).Culture

LCID             Name             DisplayName
----             ----             -----------
1033             en-US            Английский (США)


PS C:\Users\Work> (Get-CurrentInputLanguage).layoutname
США

Вывод при русской раскладке:

PS C:\Users\Work> (Get-CurrentInputLanguage).Culture

LCID             Name             DisplayName
----             ----             -----------
1049             ru-RU            Русский (Россия)


PS C:\Users\Work> (Get-CurrentInputLanguage).layoutname
Русская
PS C:\Users\Work>